Abstract
Abstract
Background
Garlic is an entirely sterile crop with important value as a vegetable, condiment, and medicine. However, the evolutionary history of garlic remains largely unknown.
Results
Here we report a comprehensive map of garlic genomic variation, consisting of amazingly 129.4 million variations. Evolutionary analysis indicates that the garlic population diverged at least 100,000 years ago, and the two groups cultivated in China were domesticated from two independent routes. Consequently, 15.0 and 17.5% of genes underwent an expression change in two cultivated groups, causing a reshaping of their transcriptomic architecture. Furthermore, we find independent domestication leads to few overlaps of deleterious substitutions in these two groups due to separate accumulation and selection-based removal. By analysis of selective sweeps, genome-wide trait associations and associated transcriptomic analysis, we uncover differential selections for the bulb traits in these two garlic groups during their domestication.
Conclusions
This study provides valuable resources for garlic genomics-based breeding, and comprehensive insights into the evolutionary history of this clonal-propagated crop.
Funder
Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program (Major Science and Technology Innovation Project) - Boost Plan for Rural Vitalization Science and Technology Innovation
National Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China
Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
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