Abstract
Abstract
Background
Anxiety disorders in adolescence have been associated with several psychiatric outcomes. We sought to describe the prospective relationship between various levels of adolescent anxiety and psychiatric diagnoses (anxiety-, bipolar/psychotic-, depressive-, and alcohol and drug misuse disorders) and suicidal ideation in early adulthood while adjusting for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Furthermore, we aimed to estimate the proportion attributable to the various anxiety levels for the outcomes.
Methods
We used a nation-wide population-based Swedish twin study comprising 14,106 fifteen-year-old twins born in Sweden between 1994 and 2002 and a replication sample consisting of 9211 Dutch twins, born between 1985 and 1999. Adolescent anxiety was measured with parental and self-report. Psychiatric diagnoses and suicidal ideation were retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Register and via self-report.
Results
Adolescent anxiety, of various levels, predicted, in the Swedish National Patient Register, anxiety disorders: hazard ratio (HR) = 4.92 (CI 3.33–7.28); depressive disorders: HR = 4.79 (3.23–7.08), and any psychiatric outcome: HR = 3.40 (2.58–4.48), when adjusting for ADHD, ASD, and DCD. The results were replicated in the Dutch data. The proportion of psychiatric outcome attributable to adolescent anxiety over time (age 15–21) was 29% for any psychiatric outcome, 43–40% for anxiety disorders, and 39–38% for depressive disorders.
Conclusion
Anxiety in adolescence constitutes an important risk factor in the development of psychiatric outcomes, revealing unique predictions for the different levels of anxiety, and beyond the risk conferred by childhood ADHD, ASD, and DCD. Developmental trajectories leading into psychiatric outcomes should further empirically investigated.
Funder
EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program; Marie Sklodowska-Curie
Swedish Research Council; Medicine, Humanities and Social Science, SIMSAM
ALF
Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
NWO: Twin-family database for behavior genetics and genomics studies
Spinozapremie
Genetic and Family influences on Adolescent psychopathology and Wellness
A twin-sib study of adolescent wellness
ZonMW “Genetic influences on stability and change in psychopathology from childhood to young adulthood”
Netherlands Twin Registry Repository
KNAW Academy Professor Award
European Union Seventh Framework Program
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Psychiatry and Mental health
Cited by
37 articles.
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