Reflections on Resistance to Pesticides in Relation to Application Techniques

Abstract

A wide range of pesticides have been developed, but these have mostly been formulated to mix with water as the diluents and are applied as a spray, either with ground equipment or from aircraft using hydraulic nozzles. The effectiveness of any technique is a function of the interaction of various factors, including plant size, volume of spray applied, spectrum of droplets sprayed, distribution of droplets relative to location of pests on plants, timing of an application relative to crop monitoring and subsequent persistence of the deposits of pesticide, especially after rain.