Improving Coastal Storm Surge Monitoring Through Joint Modeling Based on Permanent and Temporary Tide Gauges

Abstract

AbstractWith climate change, there will be higher requirements for monitoring storm surges (SSs) in nearshore areas. However, this capability is limited by the sparseness of tide gauge (TG) stations. Establishing and maintaining a permanent, high‐spatial coverage, in situ TG network is complex and expensive. Here, we propose a joint modeling method developed from the all‐site modeling data‐driven framework by importing temporary TGs into coastal regions with insufficient permanent TG stations. The assessments show that this method can significantly optimize the capability of extreme SS monitoring during typhoons and hurricanes. Moreover, the evaluation based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 data indicates that it will monitor extreme SSs more effectively during 2025–2050 compared with only using existing permanent in situ TGs (reducing root mean square error and absolute mean bias by ∼50%). The joint modeling method provides an applicable and sustainable solution for optimizing the SS monitoring capability in coastal areas.