„Digital therapeutics” in musculoskeletal pain management: a narrative review of Gamification, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality approaches

Abstract

This review aims at highlighting the potential of the „digital therapeutics” as adjuncts to traditional physical medicine and rehabilitation methods, to explore the clinical effects and relevance of using them in the rehabilitation of patients experiencing musculoskeletal pain, acute or chronic, and to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these technologies can improve pain management, enhance rehabilitation outcomes, and contribute to the overall well-being of patients. A comprehensive analysis of existing literature, clinical trials, and observational studies was conducted to assess the benefits and outcomes associated with rehabilitation interventions in this specific patient population. Multiple studies have suggested that „digital therapeutics” in musculoskeletal pain management have the potential to complement traditional interventions, improve treatment outcomes, and enhance patient engagement. Gamification, virtual reality and augmented reality are promising tools for managing musculoskeletal pain, offering innovative approaches to pain relief, rehabilitation, assessment, education, and remote care delivery. Keywords: digital therapeutics; musculoskeletal pain; gamification; virtual reality; augmented reality