Nucleotide variation and balancing selection at the Ckma gene in Atlantic cod: Analysis with multiple merger coalescent models

Abstract

A high-fecundity organisms, such as Atlantic cod, can withstand substantial natural selection and can at any time simultaneously replace alleles at a number of loci due to their excess reproductive capacity. High-fecundity organisms may reproduce by sweepstakes leading to highly skewed heavy-tailed offspring distribution. Under such reproduction the Kingman coalescent of binary mergers breaks down and models of multiple merger coalescent are more appropriate. Here we study nucleotide variation at the Ckma (Creatine Kinase Muscle type A) gene in Atlantic cod. The gene shows extreme differentiation between the North (Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Barents Sea) and the South (Faroe Islands, North-, Baltic-, Celtic-, and Irish Seas) with a between regions FST > 0.8 whereas neutral loci show no differentiation. This is evidence for natural selection. The protein sequence is conserved by purifying selection whereas silent and non-coding sites show extreme differentiation. Relative to outgroup the site-frequency spectrum has three modes, a mode at singleton sites and two high frequency modes at opposite frequencies representing divergent branches of the gene genealogy that is evidence for balancing selection. Analysis with multiple-merger coalescent models can account for the high frequency of singleton sites and indicate reproductive sweepstakes. Coalescent time scales with population size and with the inverse of variance in offspring number. Parameter estimates using multiple-merger coalescent models show fast time-scales. Time-scales of mitochondrial DNA are about square root of the effective population size and time-scales of nuclear genes are much faster.