Halogen-Induced Chemical Injury to the Mammalian Cardiopulmonary Systems

Author:

Addis Dylan R.12,Aggarwal Saurabh34,Lazrak Ahmed34,Jilling Tamas45,Matalon Sadis34

Affiliation:

1. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

2. Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

3. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

4. Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

5. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.

Abstract

The halogens chlorine (Cl2) and bromine (Br2) are highly reactive oxidizing elements with widespread industrial applications and a history of development and use as chemical weapons. When inhaled, depending on the dose and duration of exposure, they cause acute and chronic injury to both the lungs and systemic organs that may result in the development of chronic changes (such as fibrosis) and death from cardiopulmonary failure. A number of conditions, such as viral infections, coexposure to other toxic gases, and pregnancy increase susceptibility to halogens significantly. Herein we review their danger to public health, their mechanisms of action, and the development of pharmacological agents that when administered post-exposure decrease morbidity and mortality.

Funder

HHS | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

Publisher

American Physiological Society

Subject

Physiology

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