Corticospinal gating during action preparation and movement in the primate motor cortex

Abstract

During everyday actions there is a need to be able to withhold movements until the most appropriate time. This motor inhibition is likely to rely on multiple cortical and subcortical areas, but the primary motor cortex (M1) is a critical component of this process. However, the mechanisms behind this inhibition are unclear, particularly the role of the corticospinal system, which is most often associated with driving muscles and movement. To address this, recordings were made from identified corticospinal (PTN, n = 94) and corticomotoneuronal (CM, n = 16) cells from M1 during an instructed delay reach-to-grasp task. The task involved the animals withholding action for ~2 s until a GO cue, after which they were allowed to reach and perform the task for a food reward. Analysis of the firing of cells in M1 during the delay period revealed that, as a population, non-CM PTNs showed significant suppression in their activity during the cue and instructed delay periods, while CM cells instead showed a facilitation during the preparatory delay. Analysis of cell activity during movement also revealed that a substantial minority of PTNs (27%) showed suppressed activity during movement, a response pattern more suited to cells involved in withholding rather than driving movement. These results demonstrate the potential contributions of the M1 corticospinal system to withholding of actions and highlight that suppression of activity in M1 during movement preparation is not evenly distributed across different neural populations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recordings were made from identified corticospinal (PTN) and corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells during an instructed delay task. Activity of PTNs as a population was suppressed during the delay, in contrast to CM cells, which were facilitated. A minority of PTNs showed a rate profile that might be expected from inhibitory cells and could suggest that they play an active role in action suppression, most likely through downstream inhibitory circuits.