Affiliation:
1. Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
2. III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
3. Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Abstract
Lysine is an essential amino acid that serves as a building block in protein synthesis. Beside this, the metabolic activity of lysine has only recently been unraveled. Lysine metabolism is tissue specific and is linked to several renal, cardiovascular, and endocrinological diseases through human metabolomics datasets. As a free molecule, lysine takes part in the antioxidant response and engages in protein modifications, and its chemistry shapes both proteome and metabolome. In the proteome, it is an acceptor for a plethora of posttranslational modifications. In the metabolome, it can be modified, conjugated, and degraded. Here, we provide an update on integrative physiology of mammalian lysine metabolites such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and lysine conjugates such as acetyl-lysine, and sugar-lysine conjugates such as advanced glycation end products. We also comment on their emerging associative and mechanistic links to renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.
Funder
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
EC | Horizon 2020
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfond
Carlsbergfondet
Publisher
American Physiological Society