Acetazolamide-induced cerebral and ocular vasodilation in humans is independent of nitric oxide

Abstract

Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is used orally in the treatment of primary and secondary open-angle glaucoma and induces ocular and cerebral vasodilation. Several in vitro studies have shown that carbonic anhydrase pharmacology and thel-arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway are closely related. We investigated the role of NO in acetazolamide-induced vasodilation on cerebral and ocular vessels in 12 healthy subjects in the presence or absence of N G-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), a NO synthase inhibitor, and in the presence or absence ofl-arginine, the precursor of NO. Acetazolamide was administered after pretreatment with eitherl-NMMA or placebo and eitherl-arginine or placebo. Pulsatile choroidal blood flow was assessed with laser interferometric measurement of fundus pulsation. In addition, mean blood flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ophthalmic artery (OA) was measured with Doppler sonography. Acetazolamide increased ocular fundus pulsation amplitude (FPA; +27%, P < 0.001) and MFV in the MCA (+38%, P < 0.001) and in the OA (+19%, P = 0.003). Administration of l-NMMA alone reduced FPA (−21%, P < 0.001) and MFV in the MCA (−11%, P = 0.030) but did not change MFV in the OA. All hemodynamic effects ofl-NMMA were reversed byl-arginine. However, neitherl-NMMA norl-arginine altered acetazolamide-induced changes in cerebral or ocular hemodynamic parameters. The present data indicate that acetazolamide-induced hemodynamic changes are not mediated by NO. Which mediators other than NO are involved in the hemodynamic effects as induced by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors remains to be elucidated.