Arterial mechanics in the fin whale suggest a unique hemodynamic design

Abstract

An analysis of the dimensions of the aortic tree and the mechanical properties of arterial wall tissues in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is presented. The aortic arch is greatly expanded, having an internal radius at an estimated mean blood pressure (13 kPa) that is 2.5 times greater than that of the descending thoracic aorta. At this pressure, the elastic modulus of the arch wall (0.4 MPa) is 30 times less than that of the descending aorta (12 MPa). Consequently, even though some capacitance is provided anteriorly by the relatively compliant innominate and carotid arteries, > 90% of the arterial capacitance resides in the arch. The characteristic pressure wave velocity (C0) and impedance (Z0) were calculated from vessel dimensions and elasticity. A predicted 20-fold increase in Z0 between the arch and thoracic aorta should provide a major reflecting site, effectively uncoupling the arch from the remainder of the arterial tree. The dimensions of the arch relative to the likely pressure wavelengths within it suggest that it acts like a compliant windkessel that greatly reduces the pulsatility of the inflow to the descending aorta, which itself likely acts as a rigid, tapered manifold. It is suggested that the presence of both a highly compliant arch and a relatively rigid descending aorta is an adaptation for diving.