Defense reaction alters the response to blood loss in the conscious rabbit

Abstract

The interaction of sensory stressors with the cardiovascular response to blood loss has not been studied. The cardiovascular response to a stressor (i.e., the defense reaction) includes increased skeletal muscle blood flow and perhaps a reduction in arterial baroreflex function. Arterial pressure maintenance during blood loss requires baroreflex-mediated skeletal muscle vasoconstriction. Therefore, we hypothesized that the defense reaction would limit arterial pressure maintenance during blood loss. Male, New Zealand White rabbits were chronically prepared with arterial and venous catheters and Doppler flow probes. We removed venous blood in conscious rabbits until mean arterial pressure decreased to <40 mmHg. We repeated the experiment with (air) and without (sham) simultaneous exposure to an air jet stressor. Air resulted in a defense reaction (e.g., mean arterial pressure = 94 ± 1 and 67 ± 1 mmHg for air and sham, respectively). Contrary to our hypothesis, air increased the blood loss necessary to produce hypotension (19.3 ± 0.2 vs. 16.9 ± 0.2 ml/kg for sham). Air did not reduce skeletal muscle vasoconstriction during normotensive hemorrhage. However, air did enhance renal vasoconstriction (97 ± 3 and 59 ± 3% of baseline for sham and air, respectively) during the normotensive phase. Thus the defense reaction did not limit but rather extended defense of arterial pressure during hemorrhage.