Etk/Bmx mediates expression of stress-induced adaptive genes VEGF, PAI-1, and iNOS via multiple signaling cascades in different cell systems

Abstract

We recently showed that Etk/Bmx, a member of the Tec family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases, promotes tight junction formation during chronic hypoxic exposure and augments normoxic VEGF expression via a feedforward mechanism. Here we further characterized Etk's role in potentiating hypoxia-induced gene expression in salivary epithelial Pa-4 cells. Using transient transfection in conditionally activated Etk (ΔEtk:ER) cells, we demonstrated that Etk enhances hypoxia-response element-dependent reporter activation in normoxia and hypoxia. This Etk-driven reporter activation is ameliorated by treatment with wortmannin or LFM-A13. Using lentivirus-mediated gene delivery and small interfering RNA, we provided direct evidence that hypoxia leads to transient Etk and Akt activation and hypoxia-mediated Akt activation is Etk dependent. Northern blot analyses confirmed that Etk activation led to induction of steady-state mRNA levels of endogenous VEGF and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, a hallmark of hypoxia-mediated gene regulation. We also demonstrated that Etk utilizes a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway to promote reporter activation driven by NF-κB, another oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, and to augment cytokine-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in endothelial cells. To establish the clinical relevance of Etk-induced, hypoxia-mediated gene regulation, we examined Etk expression in keloid, which has elevated VEGF and PAI-1. We found that Etk is overexpressed in keloid (but not normal skin) tissues. The differential steady-state Etk protein levels were further confirmed in primary fibroblast cultures derived from these tissues, suggesting an Etk role in tissue fibrosis. Our results provide further understanding of Etk function within multiple signaling cascades to govern adaptive cytoprotection against extracellular stress in different cell systems, salivary epithelial cells, brain endothelial cells, and dermal fibroblasts.