Distensibility of the normal human lung circulation during exercise

Abstract

Increasing pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and wedge (Pw) pressures at high flow (Q) during exercise could distend the thin-walled vessels. A mechanical descriptor of vascular distension, the distensibility (α, fractional diameter change/mmHg pressure), has been reported to be ∼0.02 for isolated large and small arteries, i.e., a 2% change in diameter per millimeter mercury pressure. In this review we used a pulmonary hemodynamic model to estimate α for data from exercising humans to determine whether interpretable results might be obtained. In 59 normal sea level subjects having published measurements of Ppa and Pw over a range of Q, we found values of α (0.02 ± 0.002) giving calculated Ppa, which matched measured Ppa to within 1.3 ± 0.1 (SE) mmHg. When subjects were exposed to chronic hypoxia ( n = 6, in Operation Everest II), α decreased (0.022 ± 0.002 vs. 0.008 ± 0.001, P < 0.05), but when subjects were exposed to acute hypoxia (Duke chamber study, n = 8), α did not decrease (0.014 ± 0.002 vs. 0.012 ± 0.002, P = not significant). Values of α tended to decrease with age in men >60 yr. Thus at rest and during exercise, normal values of α in young persons were similar to those measured in vitro, and the values decreased in chronic hypoxia and with aging where vascular remodeling or vascular wall stiffening was expected. We propose that the estimation of pulmonary vascular distensibility in humans may be a useful descriptor of pulmonary hemodynamics.