Auditory Cortical Images of Cochlear-Implant Stimuli: Dependence on Electrode Configuration

Abstract

This study examines patterns of auditory cortical activity elicited by single-pulse cochlear implant stimuli that vary in electrode configuration, cochlear place of stimulation, and stimulus level. Recordings were made from the primary auditory cortex (area A1) of ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs. The spatiotemporal pattern of neural spike activity was measured simultaneously across 16 cortical locations spanning approximately 2–3 octaves of the tonotopic axis. Such a pattern, averaged over 40 presentations of any particular stimulus, was defined as the “cortical image” of that stimulus. Acutely deafened guinea pigs were implanted with a 6-electrode animal version of the 22-electrode Nucleus banded electrode array (Cochlear). Cochlear electrode configurations consisted of monopolar (MP), bipolar (BP + N) with N inactive electrodes between the active and return electrodes (0 ≤ N ≤ 4), tripolar (TP) with one active electrode and two flanking return electrodes, and common ground (CG) with one active electrode and as many as five return electrodes. Cortical images typically showed a focus of maximum spike probability and minimum latency. Spike probabilities tended to decrease, and latencies tended to increase, with increasing cortical distance from that focus. Cortical images of TP stimuli were the most spatially compact, followed by BP + N images, and then MP images, which were the broadest. Images of CG stimuli were rather variable across animals and stimulus channels. The locations of cortical images shifted systematically from caudal to rostral as the cochlear place of stimulation changed from basal to apical. At the most sensitive cortical site for each condition, the dynamic ranges over which spike rates increased with increased current level were restricted to about 1–2 dB, regardless of configuration. Dynamic ranges tended to increase with increasing cortical distance from the most sensitive site. Electrode configurations that produced compact cortical images (e.g., TP and BP + 0) showed the greatest range of thresholds within each cortical image and the largest dynamic range at cortical sites removed from the most sensitive site.