Graded Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission Between Leech Interneurons: Assessing the Roles of Two Kinetically Distinct Low-Threshold Ca Currents

Abstract

In leeches, two pairs of reciprocally inhibitory heart interneurons that form the core oscillators of the pattern-generating network for heartbeat possess both high- and low-threshold (HVA and LVA) Ca channels. LVA Ca current has two kinetically distinct components (one rapidly activating/inactivating, ICaF, and another slowly activating/inactivating, ICaS) that mediate graded transmission, generate plateau potentials driving burst formation, and modulate spike-mediated transmission between heart interneurons. Here we used different stimulating protocols and inorganic Ca channel blockers to separate the effects of ICaFand ICaSon graded synaptic transmission and determine their interaction and relative efficacy. Ca2+entering by ICaFchannels is more efficacious in mediating release than that entering by ICaSchannels. The rate of Ca2+entry by LVA Ca channels appears to be as critical as the amount of delivered Ca2+for synaptic transmission. LVA Ca currents and associated graded transmission were selectively blocked by 1 mM Ni2+, leaving spike-mediated transmission unaffected. Nevertheless, 1 mM Ni2+affected homosynaptic enhancement of spike-mediated transmission that depends on background Ca2+provided by LVA Ca channels. Ca2+provided by both ICaFand ICaSdepletes a common pool of readily releasable synaptic vesicles. The balance between availability of vesicles and Ca2+concentration and its time course determine the strength of inhibitory transmission between heart interneurons. We argue that Ca2+from multichannel domains arising from ICaFchannels, clustered near but not directly associated with the release trigger, and Ca2+radially diffusing from generally distributed ICaSchannels interact at common release sites to mediate graded transmission.