Synergism between the canine left and right hemidiaphragms

Abstract

Expansion of the lung during inspiration results from the coordinated contraction of the diaphragm and several groups of rib cage muscles, and we have previously shown that the changes in intrathoracic pressure generated by the latter are essentially additive. In the present studies, we have assessed the interaction between the right and left hemidiaphragms in anesthetized dogs by comparing the changes in airway opening pressure (ΔPao) obtained during simultaneous stimulation of the two phrenic nerves (measured ΔPao) to the sum of the ΔPao values produced by their separate stimulation (predicted ΔPao). The measured ΔPao was invariably greater than the predicted ΔPao, and the ratio between these two values increased gradually as the stimulation frequency was increased; the ratio was 1.10 ± 0.01 ( P < 0.05) for a frequency of 10 Hz, whereas for a frequency of 50 Hz it amounted to 1.49 ± 0.05 ( P < 0.001). This interaction remained unchanged after the rib cage was stiffened and its compliance was made linear, thus indicating that the load against which the diaphragm works is not a major determinant. However, radiographic measurements showed that stimulation of one phrenic nerve extends the inactive hemidiaphragm toward the sagittal midplane and reduces the caudal displacement of the central portion of the diaphragmatic dome. As a result, the volume swept by the contracting hemidiaphragm is smaller than the volume it displaces when the contralateral hemidiaphragm also contracts. These observations indicate that 1) the left and right hemidiaphragms have a synergistic, rather than additive, interaction on the lung; 2) this synergism operates already during quiet breathing and increases in magnitude when respiratory drive is greater; and 3) this synergism is primarily related to the configuration of the muscle.