Relationship between blood velocity and conduit artery diameter and the effects of smoking on vascular responsiveness

Abstract

Transient changes in arterial diameter in response to transient ischemia-induced changes in arterial blood velocity have been used as an index of vascular health. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between blood velocity and diameter in the brachial artery by different methods of increasing blood velocity. Acute cigarette smoking was used with otherwise healthy young occasional smokers to determine the influence of endothelial-nitric oxide pathways on the arterial diameter-blood velocity relationship. Nine nonsmokers and 12 occasional smokers (<1 pack/wk) were tested. Blood flow to the forearm was manipulated to indirectly investigate the relationship between blood velocity and diameter in the brachial artery. Blood flow to forearm was manipulated through the use of 1) 5-min ischemia; 2) handgrip exercise; 3) indirect local heating; and 4) 5-min ischemia plus indirect local heating. A strong relationship was observed between blood velocity and diameter independent of the method used to increase blood velocity ( R2 = 0.89). The mean slope of the velocity-diameter relationship was not different between nonsmokers and occasional smokers who abstained from smoking at least 2 days. Acute smoking did not alter the slope of the velocity-diameter relationship although the mean intercept was decreased as a result of consistent vasoconstriction (7–10%). The mechanisms by which smoking impairs vascular health are largely unknown. These findings differ from previous smoking studies that used chronic and/or heavier smokers. The velocity-diameter relationship appears independent of the method for increasing velocity. Acute smoking in occasional smokers results in vasoconstriction without altering vascular responsiveness. The velocity-diameter relationship may be a useful measure of the progression of vascular disease.