Gravitational deposition in a rhythmically expanding and contracting alveolus

Abstract

In a previous simulation, our laboratory demonstrated that the flow induced by a rhythmically expanding and contracting alveolus is highly complex (Haber S, Butler JP, Brenner H, Emanuel I, and Tsuda A, J Fluid Mech 405: 243–268, 2000). Based on these earlier findings, we hypothesize that the trajectories and deposition of aerosols inside the alveoli differ substantially from those previously predicted. To test this hypothesis, trajectories of fine particles (0.5–2.5 μm in diameter) moving in the foregoing alveolar flow field and simultaneously subjected to the gravity field were simulated. The results show that alveolar wall motion is crucial in determining the enhancement of aerosol deposition inside the alveoli. In particular, 0.5- to 1-μm-diameter particles are sensitive to the detailed alveolar flow structure (e.g., recirculating flow), as they undergo gravity-induced convective mixing and deposition. Accordingly, deposition concentrations within each alveolus are nonuniform, with preferentially higher densities near the alveolar entrance ring, consistent with physiological observations. Deposition patterns along the acinar tree are also nonuniform, with higher deposition in the first half of the acinar generations. This is a result of the combined effects of enhanced alveolar deposition in the proximal region of the acinus due to alveoli expansion and contraction and reduction in the number of particles remaining in the gas phase down the acinar tree. We conclude that the cyclically expanding and contracting motion of alveoli plays an important role in determining gravitational deposition in the pulmonary acinus.