The alcohol breath test in practice: effects of exhaled volume

Abstract

Alcohol breath test (ABT) measurements are sensitive to the volume of the exhaled breath. Although a minimum breath volume is required for a legally acceptable sample, any additional increase in the volume of exhaled air increases the measurement of breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Using a sample of 115 ABTs collected by police agencies for evidentiary purposes, we studied the influence of exhaled air volume on the measurement of BrAC. The 115 ABTs were performed on 30 different Alcotest 9510s. Each of the tests included paired, time series measurements of exhaled breath flow rates and breath alcohol content. The exhalation flow rates and exhalation times were used to create exhalation volume-BrAC plots. On average, exhaled air volumes were ~50% of the subjects’ age-, height-, race-, and sex-predicted vital capacities (VC). More than 80% of the samples had exhaled air volumes ranging between 30 and 70% of the subject’s predicted VC. Breath volumes for duplicate breath samples were similar. For all breath samples, BrAC increased with exhalation volume, an expected behavior for any very high blood solubility compound such as alcohol. Beyond the legally accepted minimum expiratory volume, BrAC increased, on average, at a rate of 9.2 ± 2.8%/liter air exhaled. As a result, a person who exhales just beyond the minimum volume will have a lower BrAC compared with a person who exhales a full VC. Exhaled volume materially impacts the measurement of an ABT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Subjects who provide breath samples for evidentiary alcohol breath tests exhale, on average, about half of their predicted vital capacity. Because breath alcohol concentration increases with greater exhaled air volume, subjects who exhale more than average volume will have a greater breath alcohol concentration, whereas subjects who exhale less than average volume will have a lesser breath alcohol concentration. A quantification of air volume impact on breath alcohol concentration is provided.