Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Goto-Kakizaki rat impairs microvascular function and contributes to premature skeletal muscle fatigue

Abstract

Despite extensive investigation into the impact of metabolic disease on vascular function and, by extension, tissue perfusion and organ function, interpreting results for specific risk factors can be complicated by the additional risks present in most models. To specifically determine the impact of type 2 diabetes without obesity on skeletal muscle microvascular structure/function and on active hyperemia with elevated metabolic demand, we used 17-wk-old Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats to study microvascular function at multiple levels of resolution. Gracilis muscle arterioles demonstrated blunted dilation to acetylcholine (both ex vivo proximal and in situ distal arterioles) and elevated shear (distal arterioles only). All other alterations to reactivity appeared to reflect compromised endothelial function associated with increased thromboxane (Tx)A2 production and oxidant stress/inflammation rather than alterations to vascular smooth muscle function. Structural changes to the microcirculation of GK rats were confined to reduced microvessel density of ~12%, with no evidence for altered vascular wall mechanics. Active hyperemia with either field stimulation of in situ cremaster muscle or electrical stimulation via the sciatic nerve for in situ gastrocnemius muscle was blunted in GK rats, primarily because of blunted functional dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles. The blunted active hyperemia was associated with impaired oxygen uptake (V̇o2) across the muscle and accelerated muscle fatigue. Acute interventions to reduce oxidant stress (TEMPOL) and TxA2 action (SQ-29548) or production (dazmegrel) improved muscle perfusion, V̇o2, and muscle performance. These results suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus in GK rats impairs skeletal muscle arteriolar function apparently early in the progression of the disease and potentially via an increased reactive oxygen species/inflammation-induced TxA2 production/action on network function as a major contributing mechanism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on vascular structure/function remains an area lacking clarity. Using diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats before the development of other risk factors, we determined alterations to vascular structure/function and skeletal muscle active hyperemia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus reduced arteriolar endothelium-dependent dilation associated with increased thromboxane A2 generation. Although modest microvascular rarefaction was evident, there were no other alterations to vascular structure/function. Skeletal muscle active hyperemia was blunted, although it improved after antioxidant or anti-thromboxane A2 treatment.