Effect of body size on breathing pattern and fine-particle deposition in children

Abstract

Interchild variability in breathing patterns may contribute to variability in fine particle lung deposition and morbidity in children associated with those particles. Fractional deposition (DF) of fine particles (2-μm monodisperse, carnauba wax particles) was measured in healthy children, age 6–13 yr ( n = 36), while they followed a resting breathing pattern previously determined by respiratory inductance plethysmography. Interchild variation in DF, measured by photometry at the mouth, was most strongly predicted by their tidal volume (Vt) ( r =0.79, P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis further showed that, for any given height and age, Vt increased with increasing body mass index (BMI) ( P < 0.001). The overweight children (≥95th percentile BMI) ( n = 8) had twice the DF of those in the lowest BMI quartile (<25th percentile) ( n = 9; 0.28 ± 0.13 vs. 0.15 ± 0.06, respectively; P < 0.02). In the same groups, resting minute ventilation was also significantly higher in the overweight children (8.5 ± 2.2 vs. 5.9 ± 1.1 l/min; P < 0.01). Consequently, the rate of deposition (i.e., particles depositing/time) in the overweight children was 2.8 times that of the leanest children ( P < 0.02). Among all children, the rate of deposition was significantly correlated with BMI ( r = 0.46, P = 0.004). These results suggest that increased weight in children may be associated with increased risk from inhalation of pollutant particles in ambient air.