Pulmonary circulation and gas exchange at exercise in Sherpas at high altitude

Abstract

Tibetans have been reported to present with a unique phenotypic adaptation to high altitude characterized by higher resting ventilation and arterial oxygen saturation, no excessive polycythemia, and lower pulmonary arterial pressures (Ppa) compared with other high-altitude populations. How this affects exercise capacity is not exactly known. We measured aerobic exercise capacity during an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test, lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DlCO) and nitric oxide (DlNO) at rest, and mean Ppa (mPpa) and cardiac output by echocardiography at rest and at exercise in 13 Sherpas and in 13 acclimatized lowlander controls at the altitude of 5,050 m in Nepal. In Sherpas vs. lowlanders, arterial oxygen saturation was 86 ± 1 vs. 83 ± 2% (mean ± SE; P = nonsignificant), mPpa at rest 19 ± 1 vs. 23 ± 1 mmHg ( P < 0.05), DlCO corrected for hemoglobin 61 ± 4 vs. 37 ± 2 ml·min−1·mmHg−1 ( P < 0.001), DlNO 226 ± 18 vs. 153 ± 9 ml·min−1·mmHg−1 ( P < 0.001), maximum oxygen uptake 32 ± 3 vs. 28 ± 1 ml·kg−1·min−1 ( P = nonsignificant), and ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide at anaerobic threshold 40 ± 2 vs. 48 ± 2 ( P < 0.001). Maximum oxygen uptake was correlated directly to DlCO and inversely to the slope of mPpa-cardiac index relationships in both Sherpas and acclimatized lowlanders. We conclude that Sherpas compared with acclimatized lowlanders have an unremarkable aerobic exercise capacity, but with less pronounced pulmonary hypertension, lower ventilatory responses, and higher lung diffusing capacity.