Exercise-induced mitral regurgitation and right ventricle to pulmonary circulation uncoupling across the heart failure phenotypes

Abstract

Ex-MR is a common mechanism across the spectrum of HF subtypes and combines with ventilatory inefficiency and RV-PC uncoupling. Interestingly, in HFpEF, Ex-MR emerged as unexpectedly prevalent and peculiarly associated with increased chronotropic response and peripheral O2 extraction as potential adaptive mechanisms to backward flow redistribution.