Wave intensity analysis of right ventricular and pulmonary vascular contributions to higher pulmonary than aortic blood pressure in fetal lambs

Abstract

Although fetal pulmonary trunk (PT) blood pressure may exceed aortic trunk (AoT) pressure, the specific mechanism(s) underlying this pressure difference remain undefined. To evaluate the potential role of ventricular and vascular factors in the generation of a fetal PT-AoT pressure difference, nine anesthetized late-gestation fetal sheep were instrumented with PT and AoT micromanometer catheters to measure high-fidelity pressure and transit-time flow probes to obtain blood velocity. The PT-AoT instantaneous pressure difference (IPDPT-AoT) was calculated from PT and AoT pressure profiles. PT and AoT wave intensity (WI) was derived from the product of the appropriate pressure and velocity rates of change. While diastolic pressures were near identical, systolic PT pressure exceeded AoT pressure ( P < 0.001), with a maximal IPDPT-AoT of 6.5 ± 2.5 mmHg. The comparison of IPDPT-AoT with wave-related PT and AoT pressure changes indicated that 1) a greater pressure-generating effect of the PT forward-running compression wave arising from impulsive right ventricular contraction in early and midsystole accounted for 2.3 ± 2.3 mmHg (35%) of the maximal IPDPT-AoT and 2) a larger pressure-generating effect of a large midsystolic backward-running compression wave transmitted into the PT from the pulmonary vasculature contributed 4.0 ± 1.5 mmHg (∼60%) of the maximal IPDPT-AoT. These results indicate that the higher PT than AoT blood pressure observed in fetal lambs is a systolic phenomenon principally related to the combination of a relatively higher level of right ventricular pump function manifest in early and midsystole and a pressure-increasing energy wave arising from the fetal pulmonary vasculature in midsystole.