1. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan;
2. Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan;
3. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; and
4. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan