Intermittent hypoxia modulates nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation and capillary perfusion during ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage

Abstract

The microvascular function of nitric oxide (NO) during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in intermittent hypoxia (IH)-pretreated hamsters was analyzed using 20 mg/kg of the nonselective NO inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and 5 mg/kg of the preferential inducible NO inhibitor S-methylisothiourea sulphate (SMT) injected before I/R. Studies were made in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation (intravital fluorescence microscopy). IH consisted of 6 min of 8% O2breathing followed by 6 min of 21% O2for every 8 h for 21 days. Normoxia controls (NCs) were exposed to room air for the same period. The effects were characterized in terms of systemic hemodynamics, diameter, flow, wall shear stress in arterioles, capillary perfusion, and the concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and plasma NO, assessed as nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels. IH did not change arterial blood pressure and increased hematocrit and shear stress. IH increased NOx and TBARS levels and reduced arterial diameter, blood flow, and capillary perfusion versus the NC. Conversely, TBARS and NOx were lower during I/R in IH-pretreated hamsters, resulting in vasodilation and the increase of capillary perfusion and shear stress. After IH, capillary perfusion was reduced by 24% (2.3%) and enhanced by 115% (1.7%) after I/R ( P < 0.05). Both modalities of NO blockade decreased NOx generation and increased TBARS versus IH. l-NAME and SMT induced a significant decrease in arteriolar diameter, blood flow, and capillary perfusion ( P < 0.05). l-NAME enhanced TBARS more than SMT and aggravated I/R damage. In conclusion, we demonstrated that preconditioning with IH greatly reduces oxidative stress and stimulates NO-induced vasodilation during I/R injury, thus maintaining capillary perfusion.