Phosphogypsum and its potential use in Croatia: challenges and opportunities

Author:

Bituh Tomislav1,Petrinec Branko1,Skoko Božena1,Babić Dinko1,Rašeta Davor1

Affiliation:

1. Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia

Abstract

Abstract Phosphogypsum (PG) is a waste by-product (residue) originating from the production of phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilisers. PG contains chemical and radioactive impurities, which is why it is mostly stockpiled in controlled areas. Worldwide, only about 15 % of PG is recycled or reused. Today, policies and business strategies prioritise sustainable development through circular economy, which certainly includes PG. This provides new opportunities for Croatia to manage its PG and make an effort to use it as an additive in different industries, such as agriculture and construction. Due to its chemical and radiological properties, PG can potentially cause problems for the environment and human health. Hence, before using PG, detailed knowledge of potential hazards is necessary to protect people and the environment. The aim of this review is to summarise available data on Croatian PG, compare them with other countries, and to identify knowledge gaps and the lack of data on potential hazardous substances in PG in order to assess the opportunities of using PG in Croatia.

Publisher

Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Subject

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,Toxicology

Reference45 articles.

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3. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Radiation Protection and Management of NORM Residues in the Phosphate Industry. No. 78, 2013 [displayed 22 April 2021]. Available at https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/ Pub1582_web.pdf

4. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM). US EPA [displayed 22 April 2021]. Available at https://www.epa.gov/radiation/technologically-enhanced-naturally-occurring-radioactive-materials-tenorm

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