Challenges and risks of Serbian spruce (Picea omorika [pančić] purk.) in the time of climate change – a literature review

Abstract

Abstract Serbian spruce (Picea omorika [Pančić] Purk.) is a Balkan endemic coniferous species, the expansion of which is restricted by limited knowledge. This literature review paper compiles findings from 176 scientific papers and presents a summary of research results that pertain to the Serbian spruce potential in general, with a specific focus on European forests from 1951 to 2022. It summarizes the importance of its taxonomy, biological and ecological characteristics, site demands, production and silviculture, risks and pests, as well as the potential of this tree species in relation to global climate change. Serbian spruce is very resistant to the negative effect of air pollution and extreme heat waves compared to other spruce species, especially the most economically important spruce species in Europe– Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Moreover, its radial growth shows highly balanced annual increments, and the density and technical parameters of the wood are comparable with Norway spruce. On the other hand, the highest weakness may be the limited genetic variability. Despite its rather limited natural range, Serbian spruce can be considered one of the most adaptable spruces to anthropogenic factors and climate change, and a valuable tree species for urban landscapes. Its production potential of wood on acidic, dry and extreme sites makes it attractive for forestry, through its introduction.