The Neuropeptide Kyotorphin as a Possible Biomarker and Neuroprotective Agent in Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Summary Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by memory impairment, disorientation, cognitive deficits, and behavioral disturbances. The neuropathological features are amyloid plaques containing aggregated amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, neurofibrillary tangles composed of the hyperphosphorylated form of the microtubule protein tau (HP-tau), and loss of neurons and synapses in the brain. There are no effective strategies for the prevention or treatment of the disease, leading to an increased need for AD biomarkers to improve early detection, accurate diagnosis, and accelerate drug development in this field. Recently, increasing attention has been dedicated to neuropeptides in searching for new drug targets in the treatment of nervous system disorders. Available data suggest that many neuropeptides may be associated with the pathophysiology and potential therapy of AD because of their wide distribution in brain areas responsible for learning and memory processes and their predominately neuroprotective actions. This short review aimed to briefly describe the neuropathology of AD and summarize the data related to one of its recently proposed biomarker - kyotorphin (KTP) neuropeptide. Our previous experiments showed moderate and selective protective effects of KTP against the late consequences of the intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced AD model.