The Healthcare Study Examines the Humoral Anti-S1 Antibody Response Following mRNA Vaccination, Comparing Individuals with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Abstract

Abstract Vaccines targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been pivotal in curtailing the spread of infection. Health care workers, as frontline responders, were among the first to receive vaccination to mitigate coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. This study aimed to assess the humoral response elicited by mRNA vaccines, specifically measuring antibodies against the spike S1 protein, a marker of immune response. A cohort of 649 health care workers received three doses of mRNA vaccine, with antibody levels evaluated before and after each dose within a 2- to 3-week interval. Participants were stratified into groups based on prior exposure to the virus: those without prior contact (440 individuals) and those with a history of infection (209 individuals). Among the latter, cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from asymptomatic (92 individuals) to mild symptomatic (117 individuals). Participants with a history of infection exhibited elevated levels of IgG antibodies against the S1 protein prior to vaccination. Notably, both immunoglobulin IgA class (IgA) and immunoglobulin IgG class (IgG) antibody responses increased significantly post-vaccination, peaking after the second dose for IgG and after the third dose for IgA. Interestingly, the immune response to the vaccine did not vary significantly based on the symptomatic or asymptomatic nature of prior infection. Furthermore, the study findings indicate that completion of the vaccination regimen led to sustained antibody production lasting between 6 months and 9 months. This study underscores the robust and enduring humoral response elicited by mRNA vaccines, particularly among health care workers, irrespective of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure.