Recent Advances in Wastewater Treatment by Utilisation of Bio-waste-derived Hydroxyapatite

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is basically calcium phosphate and the main inorganic component in natural bone and teeth structure. Animal bones and eggshells are mass-generated bio-wastes, and their calcium-rich structure makes them suitable precursors for bioactive HAp synthesis through biomimetic mineralisation. Industrial wastewater discharge is a worldwide alarming problem due to high-capacity industrial-scale processes, and their adverse effects on human health and environment will be encountered long term. Adsorption is the most widely used separation process in wastewater treatment, in which HAp particles can be used as bio-adsorbents for wastewater treatment processes due to their bioactive nature. Utilisation of bio-waste-derived HAp particles for wastewater treatment applications would be a step towards sustainable development and circular economy concepts. It promotes the reuse and recycle rate of bio-wastes as bio-adsorbents through an effective waste management strategy and increases the circularity of the material in the production chain. This study offers a brief overview of articles published in 2023 on the use of bio-waste-derived HAp particles for wastewater treatment.