Airborne Lead Exposure and Childhood Cognition: The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort (2003–2022)

Author:

Gatzke-Kopp Lisa M.1ORCID,Willoughby Michael1,McArthur Kristen1,Wychgram Cara1,Folch David C.1,Brunswasser Steve1,Dabelea Dana1,Elliott Amy J.1,Hartert Tina1,Karagas Margaret1,McEvoy Cindy T.1,VanDerslice James A.1,Wright Robert O.1,Wright Rosalind J.1,Kress Amii M.1

Affiliation:

1. Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park. Michael Willoughby is with the Department of Education and Workforce Development, RTI International, Raleigh, NC. Amii M. Kress, Kristen McArthur, and Cara Wychgram are with the Department of General Epidemiology and Methodology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. David C. Folch is with the Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation, Northern Arizona University,...

Abstract

Objectives. To examine whether a previously reported association between airborne lead exposure and children’s cognitive function replicates across a geographically diverse sample of the United States. Methods. Residential addresses of children (< 5 years) were spatially joined to the Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators model of relative airborne lead toxicity. Cognitive outcomes for children younger than 8 years were available for 1629 children with IQ data and 1476 with measures of executive function (EF; inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility). We used generalized linear models using generalized estimating equations to examine the associations of lead, scaled by interquartile range (IQR), accounting for individual- and area-level confounders. Results. An IQR increase in airborne lead was associated with a 0.74-point lower mean IQ score (b = −0.74; 95% confidence interval = −1.00, −0.48). The association between lead and EF was nonlinear and was modeled with a knot at the 97.5th percentile of lead in our sample. Lead was significantly associated with lower mean inhibitory control but not with cognitive flexibility. This effect was stronger among males for both IQ and inhibitory control. Conclusions. Early-life exposure to airborne lead is associated with lower cognitive functioning. ( Am J Public Health. 2024;114(3):309–318. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307519 )

Publisher

American Public Health Association

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