Soils and Carbon Pools on the Shungite Rocks of South Karelia under Different Types of Land Use

Abstract

Abstract The azonal organo-accumulative soils (Umbrisols) on shungite rocks and the effect of land use on their properties and ecosystem carbon stock have been studied. The changes in soil profile morphology, main agrochemical and microbiological characteristics of the upper horizons, Corg and Cmic stocks in the 100-cm soil layer, and the structure of carbon pools are analyzed. Pine forest (control), arable land, hayfield, young alder stand, and middle-aged mixed forest are examined. In contrast to zonal soils, a change in land use does not considerably transform the properties of shungite soils. The removal of stones has the greatest effect, leading to the formation of developed arable horizons. The soils are characterized by highly skeletal shallow weakly differentiated profile, low bulk density, and pH close to neutral. A wide range of the Corg content (1.6 to 11.7%) results from a heterogeneous composition of the parent rock. Agricultural development contributes to the accumulation of exchangeable bases and available potassium and phosphorus, the contents of which are initially elevated in shungite soils. Characteristic of all examined sites is a high rate of organic matter mineralization (C/N ratio ≤17). A low Cmic content (84–245 mg C/kg) is recorded in the soils, which is explainable with a low availability of the substrate determined by a lithogenic nature of carbon and increased concentrations of heavy metals and lanthanides in shungite rocks. Soil Corg stock varies in the range of 17–251 t C/ha and Cmic stock, of 6–43 g C/m2. The total ecosystem carbon stock is the highest in hayfield (259 t C/ha) and lowest in young forest (74 t C/ha). The total carbon stock in the arable sites, middle-aged forest stand, and control forest is within 169–211 t C/ha.