Osteoarthritis: management strategies depending on the location of lesions

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease that can be caused by genetic factors, obesity, joint microtrauma, and excessive physical exercises. The key features of OA include gradual loss of articular cartilage, bone tissue remodeling, development of osteophytes, and subchondral sclerosis. The pathogenesis of OA is based on the loss of glycosaminoglycans, collagen disorganization, and inflammation mediated by a cytokine cascade. OA is a complex disease affecting not only cartilage, but also intraarticular and periarticular tissues. Together, these changes compromise joint function and cause chronic pain. Considerable attention has beer recently paid to OA phenotyping in order to introduce a tailored approach into patient management. Phenotypes are applicable to the three most common peripheral OA locations: gonarthrosis, coxarthrosis, and hand OA. An international group of experts of primary care has developed algorithms for OA patient management, including diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and criteria for referring the patient to a specialist (rheumatologist). Current guidelines recommend non-drug therapy, pharmacotherapy, and surgery. There is a growing interest in phytopharmaceuticals, a heterogeneous group of molecules with a high capacity of suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain, as well as improving joint function. Mucosate® in capsules (DIAMED-pharma, Russia) is one of currently available complex products with phytocompounds. It contains the NEM® complex (natural eggshell membrane), Harpagophytum root extract, glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and manganese sulfate monohydrate.