1. Tertiary Emergency Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Japan
2. Senri Critical Care Medical Center, Saiseikai Senri Hospital, Japan
3. Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Unit, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
4. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
5. Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Japan
6. Department of Emergency Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Japan
7. Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Tochigi Prefectural Emergency and Critical Care Center, Imperial Gift Foundation Saiseikai, Utsunomiya Hospital, Japan
8. Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
9. Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Japan
10. Department of Emergency Medicine, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Japan