Inflammation and dry eye disease—where are we?

Abstract

The presence of inflammation in dry eye disease (DED) results in increased patient symptomatology, ocular surface damage and worsening tear dysfunction. It also affects the health of meibomian glands and their secretions which further aggravates ocular surface disease. This article reviews current knowledge regarding ocular surface inflammation in DED and explores the relationships between the vicious cycles of DED, inflammation and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The clinical evaluation of eyes with such changes, markers that identify the presence of inflammation on the ocular surface and current treatment options are discussed.