1. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,
2. The Research Team for Surveillance of Autoantibody-Exposed Fetuses and Treatment of Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus, the Research Program of the Japan Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) (H22-Jisedai-Ippan-007), Tokyo, Japan
3. Department of Data Science, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan,
4. Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,
5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan,
6. Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,
7. The Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan,
8. Immuno-Rheumatology Center, St Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan,
9. Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan,
10. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan,
11. Department of Maternal Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan,
12. Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan,
13. Department of Maternal Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan, and