Abstract
Ethyl Methacrylate is the ester of ethyl alcohol and methacrylic acid used as the major structural monomer of artificial fingernail formulations that are cross-linked with one or more multifunctional methacrylates. Ethyl methacrylate monomer is polymerized rapidly and very little free monomer is available even during filing of the fingernails. The oral LD50 for rats ranged from 12.7 to 18.14 g/kg, with lesions in the respiratory system and hemoglobinuria observed in treated animals. Ocular, nasal, and respiratory tract irritation was observed in acute inhalation tests using rats. Very little toxicity was seen in subchronic studies using rabbits. Ethyl Methacrylate caused irritation and vehicle dependent sensitization in animals, but no photosensitization. Evidence of embryotoxic and teratogenic effects were observed in pregnant rats after intraperitoneal injection of Ethyl Methacrylate at a range of concentrations. Both positive and negative mutagenicity test data were found. Clinical testing showed little evidence of irritation, although case studies report allergic contact dermatitis as a result of exposure to Ethyl Methacrylate and related methacrylates with application of artificial fingernails. Occupational contact dermatitis from acrylates and methacrylates are also reported, with some evidence for cross-reactivity between the two chemical classes. Based on the sensitizing potential of this ingredient the CIR Expert Panel recommended that fingernail enhancement formulations with Ethyl Methacrylate be applied only by trained individuals and that the ingredient not be used in products intended for retail sale (currently, these products are believed to be sold only for application by a trained individual). Because of the low likelihood of significant exposure if such formulations are applied properly, the Expert Panel concluded that the ingredient is safe as used, with the caveat that skin contact should be avoided.