Abstract
Background: Collaborative training can enhance individual learning, but the effect of role assignment on skill acquisition is unclear. Objectives: Therefore, this study aims to explore the influence of the evaluator and executor roles on the accuracy and kinematic indicators of dart throwing skill. Methods: Forty-eight female university students (mean age = 21.71 ± 1.14 years) participated in the study. Following dart throwing familiarization, participants were randomly assigned to individual group (IG), first-performer (FPG), and first-evaluator groups (FEG) (as a dyad condition) with alternating role orders. All groups completed a pre-test of 10 dart throws while kinematics was recorded via video camera. Practice consisted of 20 blocks of 6 trials (n = 120 physical trials for IG; n = 60 evaluation and n = 60 physical trials for FPG and FEG). Post-tests 1 and 2 directly followed after role reversals for dyads after each 60 trials in the acquisition phase. Accuracy was assessed via mean radial and variable errors. Kinematics (elbow release angle, average angular velocity, elbow range of motion) were analyzed using Kinovea software. Results: A two-way ANOVA revealed the FPG exhibited a significantly smaller release angle compared to IG. However, no significantly differences observed between FEG and IG for kinematic variables. Accuracy improved significantly from pre-to post-test at the three groups. Individual group led to higher accuracy than FPG, and frist-performer group had higher RE than the first-evaluator. Conclusions: The findings of this study support the benefits of observational learning in the early stages of learning. Also, priority assignment the role of evaluator and executive can influences motor performance in a dyadic approach.