Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory
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Published:2024-05-02
Issue:10
Volume:109
Page:
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ISSN:2470-0010
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Container-title:Physical Review D
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Phys. Rev. D
Author:
Abdul Halim A.1, Abreu P.2, Aglietta M.34, Allekotte I.5, Almeida Cheminant K.6, Almela A.78, Aloisio R.910, Alvarez-Muñiz J.11, Ammerman Yebra J.11, Anastasi G. A.124, Anchordoqui L.13, Andrada B.7, Andringa S.2, Apollonio L.144, Aramo C.4, Araújo Ferreira P. R.15, Arnone E.164, Arteaga Velázquez J. C.17, Assis P.2, Avila G.18, Avocone E.1910, Bakalova A.20, Barbato F.910, Bartz Mocellin A.21, Bellido J. A.122, Berat C.23, Bertaina M. E.164, Bhatta G.6, Bianciotto M.164, Biermann P. L., Binet V.24, Bismark K.25267, Bister T.2728, Biteau J.29, Blazek J.20, Bleve C.23, Blümer J.25, Boháčová M.20, Boncioli D.1910, Bonifazi C.3031, Bonneau Arbeletche L.32, Borodai N.6, Brack J., Brichetto Orchera P. G.7, Briechle F. L.15, Bueno A.33, Buitink S.34, Buscemi M.435, Büsken M.25267, Bwembya A.2728, Caballero-Mora K. S.36, Cabana-Freire S.11, Caccianiga L.144, Campuzano F.37, Caruso R.124, Castellina A.34, Catalani F.38, Cataldi G.4, Cazon L.11, Cerda M.39, Cermenati A.910, Chinellato J. A.32, Chudoba J.20, Chytka L.40, Clay R. W.1, Cobos Cerutti A. C.37, Colalillo R.414, Coluccia M. R.4, Conceição R.2, Condorelli A.29, Consolati G.442, Conte M.434, Convenga F.1910, Correia dos Santos D.44, Costa P. J.2, Covault C. E.45, Cristinziani M.46, Cruz Sanchez C. S.47, Dasso S.4849, Daumiller K.25, Dawson B. R.1, de Almeida R. M.44, de Jesús J.725, de Jong S. J.2728, de Mello Neto J. R. T.3150, De Mitri I.910, de Oliveira J.51, de Oliveira Franco D.4, de Palma F.434, de Souza V.38, de Souza de Errico B. P.31, De Vito E.434, Del Popolo A.124, Deligny O.29, Denner N.20, Deval L.257, di Matteo A.4, Dobre M.52, Dobrigkeit C.32, D’Olivo J. C.53, Domingues Mendes L. M.254, Dorosti Q.46, dos Anjos J. C.54, dos Anjos R. C.55, Ebr J.20, Ellwanger F.25, Emam M.2728, Engel R.252625, Epicoco I.434, Erdmann M.15, Etchegoyen A.78, Evoli C.910, Falcke H.275628, Farrar G.57, Fauth A. C.32, Fazzini N., Feldbusch F.25, Fenu F.25, Fernandes A.2, Fick B.58, Figueira J. M.7, Filipčič A.5960, Fitoussi T.25, Flaggs B.61, Fodran T.27, Fujii T.62, Fuster A.78, Galea C.27, Galelli C.144, García B.37, Gaudu C.63, Gemmeke H.25, Gesualdi F.725, Gherghel-Lascu A.52, Ghia P. L.29, Giaccari U.4, Glombitza J.15, Gobbi F.39, Gollan F.7, Golup G.5, Gómez Berisso M.5, Gómez Vitale P. F.18, Gongora J. P.18, González J. M.5, González N.7, Góra D.6, Gorgi A.34, Gottowik M.11, Grubb T. D.1, Guarino F.414, Guedes G. P.64, Guido E.46, Gülzow L.25, Hahn S.2526, Hamal P.20, Hampel M. R.7, Hansen P.47, Harari D.5, Harvey V. M.1, Haungs A.25, Hebbeker T.15, Hojvat C., Hörandel J. R.2728, Horvath P.40, Hrabovský M.40, Huege T.2534, Insolia A.124, Isar P. G.65, Janecek P.20, Jilek V.20, Johnsen J. A.21, Jurysek J.20, Kampert K.-H.63, Keilhauer B.25, Khakurdikar A.27, Kizakke Covilakam V. V.725, Klages H. O.25, Kleifges M.25, Knapp F.2526, Köhler J.25, Kunka N.25, Lago B. L.66, Langner N.15, Leigui de Oliveira M. A.67, Lema-Capeans Y.11, Letessier-Selvon A.68, Lhenry-Yvon I.29, Lopes L.2, Lu L.69, Luce Q.2526, Lundquist J. P.60, Machado Payeras A.32, Majercakova M.20, Mandat D.20, Manning B. C.1, Mantsch P., Mariani F. M.144, Mariazzi A. G.47, Mariş I. C.70, Marsella G.354, Martello D.434, Martinelli S.257, Martínez Bravo O.71, Martins M. A.11, Mathes H.-J.25, Matthews J., Matthiae G.724, Mayotte E.2163, Mayotte S.21, Mazur P. O., Medina-Tanco G.53, Meinert J.63, Melo D.7, Menshikov A.25, Merx C.25, Michal S.20, Micheletti M. I.24, Miramonti L.144, Mollerach S.5, Montanet F.23, Morejon L.63, Morello C.34, Mulrey K.2728, Mussa R.4, Namasaka W. M.63, Negi S.20, Nellen L.53, Nguyen K.58, Nicora G.73, Niechciol M.46, Nitz D.58, Nosek D.74, Novotny V.74, Nožka L.40, Nucita A.434, Núñez L. A.75, Oliveira C.38, Palatka M.20, Pallotta J.73, Panja S.20, Parente G.11, Paulsen T.63, Pawlowsky J.63, Pech M.20, Pȩkala J.6, Pelayo R.76, Pereira L. A. S.77, Pereira Martins E. E.25267, Perez Armand J.38, Pérez Bertolli C.725, Perrone L.434, Petrera S.910, Petrucci C.1910, Pierog T.25, Pimenta M.2, Platino M.7, Pont B.27, Pothast M.2827, Pourmohammad Shahvar M.354, Privitera P.62, Prouza M.20, Querchfeld S.63, Rautenberg J.63, Ravignani D.7, Reginatto Akim J. V.32, Reininghaus M.2526, Ridky J.20, Riehn F.11, Risse M.46, Rizi V.1910, Rodrigues de Carvalho W.27, Rodriguez E.725, Rodriguez Rojo J.18, Roncoroni M. J.7, Rossoni S.78, Roth M.25, Roulet E.5, Rovero A. C.48, Ruehl P.46, Saftoiu A.52, Saharan M.27, Salamida F.1910, Salazar H.71, Salina G.4, Sanabria Gomez J. D.75, Sánchez F.7, Santos E. M.38, Santos E.20, Sarazin F.21, Sarmento R.2, Sato R.18, Savina P.69, Schäfer C. M.2526, Scherini V.434, Schieler H.25, Schimassek M.29, Schimp M.63, Schmidt D.25, Scholten O.34, Schoorlemmer H.2728, Schovánek P.20, Schröder F. G.6125, Schulte J.15, Schulz T.25, Sciutto S. J.47, Scornavacche M.725, Sedoski A.7, Segreto A.794, Sehgal S.63, Shivashankara S. U.60, Sigl G.78, Silli G.7, Sima O.52, Simkova K.34, Simon F.25, Smau R.52, Šmída R.62, Sommers P., Soriano J. F.13, Squartini R.39, Stadelmaier M.41425, Stanič S.60, Stasielak J.6, Stassi P.23, Strähnz S.2526, Straub M.15, Suomijärvi T.29, Supanitsky A. D.7, Svozilikova Z.20, Szadkowski Z.80, Tairli F.1, Tapia A.81, Taricco C.164, Timmermans C.2827, Tkachenko O.25, Tobiska P.20, Todero Peixoto C. J.38, Tomé B.2, Torrès Z.23, Travaini A.39, Travnicek P.20, Trimarelli C.1910, Tueros M.47, Unger M.25, Vaclavek L.40, Vacula M.40, Valdés Galicia J. F.53, Valore L.414, Varela E.71, Vásquez-Ramírez A.75, Veberič D.25, Ventura C.50, Vergara Quispe I. D.47, Verzi V.4, Vicha J.20ORCID, Vink J.82, Vorobiov S.60, Watanabe C.31, Watson A. A., Weindl A.25, Wiencke L.21, Wilczyński H.6, Wittkowski D.63, Wundheiler B.7, Yue B.63, Yushkov A.20, Zapparrata O.70, Zas E.11, Zavrtanik D.6059, Zavrtanik M.5960,
Affiliation:
1. University of Adelaide 2. Universidade de Lisboa—UL 3. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF) 4. INFN 5. Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET) 6. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN 7. Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) 8. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires 9. Gran Sasso Science Institute 10. INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso 11. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 12. Università di Catania 13. City University of New York 14. Università di Milano 15. RWTH Aachen University 16. Università Torino 17. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo 18. Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica 19. Università dell’Aquila 20. Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences 21. Colorado School of Mines 22. Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa 23. Univ. Grenoble Alpes 24. Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)—CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R. 25. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 26. Institute for Experimental Particle Physics 27. Radboud University Nijmegen 28. Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) 29. Université Paris-Saclay 30. International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas 31. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 32. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) 33. Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E. 34. Vrije Universiteit Brussels 35. Università di Palermo 36. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas 37. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA) 38. Universidade de São Paulo 39. Observatorio Pierre Auger 40. Palacky University 41. Università di Napoli “Federico II” 42. Politecnico di Milano 43. Università del Salento 44. Universidade Federal Fluminense 45. Case Western Reserve University 46. Universität Siegen 47. Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET 48. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA) 49. Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET 50. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) 51. Instituto Federal de Educação 52. “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering 53. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 54. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas 55. Universidade Federal do Paraná 56. Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON) 57. New York University 58. Michigan Technological University 59. J. Stefan Institute 60. University of Nova Gorica 61. University of Delaware 62. University of Chicago 63. Bergische Universität Wuppertal 64. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana 65. Institute of Space Science 66. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca 67. Universidade Federal do ABC 68. Sorbonne Université 69. University of Wisconsin-Madison 70. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) 71. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 72. Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” 73. Laboratorio Atmósfera—Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones—UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET) 74. Charles University 75. Universidad Industrial de Santander 76. Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN) 77. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande 78. Universität Hamburg 79. Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF) 80. University of Łódź 81. Universidad de Medellín 82. Universiteit van Amsterdam
Abstract
We test the predictions of hadronic interaction models regarding the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles, Xmax, and ground-particle signals in water-Cherenkov detectors at 1000 m from the shower core, S(1000), using the data from the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The test consists of fitting the measured two-dimensional (S(1000), Xmax) distributions using templates for simulated air showers produced with hadronic interaction models pos-, et--04, 2.3d and leaving the scales of predicted Xmax and the signals from hadronic component at ground as free-fit parameters. The method relies on the assumption that the mass composition remains the same at all zenith angles, while the longitudinal shower development and attenuation of ground signal depend on the mass composition in a correlated way. The analysis was applied to 2239 events detected by both the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory with energies between 1018.5 eV to 1019.0 eV and zenith angles below 60°. We found, that within the assumptions of the method, the best description of the data is achieved if the predictions of the hadronic interaction models are shifted to deeper Xmax values and larger hadronic signals at all zenith angles. Given the magnitude of the shifts and the data sample size, the statistical significance of the improvement of data description using the modifications considered in the paper is larger than 5σ even for any linear combination of experimental systematic uncertainties.
Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Funder
Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Australian Research Council Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações Grantová Agentura České Republiky Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Conseil Régional, Île-de-France Institut Lagrange de Paris Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Narodowe Centrum Nauki Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării şi Digitalizării Corporation for National and Community Service Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia Junta de Andalucía U.S. Department of Energy National Science Foundation Grainger Foundation Marie Curie United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Université Paris-Saclay Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire Investissements d’Avenir Programme Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg Red Nacional Temática de Astropartículas María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence European Particle Physics Latin American Network
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
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