Affiliation:
1. Evgenidion Hospital, Thyroid Unit, University of Athens, Athens,
Greece
Abstract
AbstractIodine and selenium (Se) are both essential elements to thyroid hormone
economy, while they represent key players in the development of autoimmune
thyroiditis.Chronic high iodine intake has been associated in various studies with
increased frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis. In susceptible individuals,
iodine excess increases intra-thyroid infiltrating Th17 cells and inhibits T
regulatory (TREG) cells development, while it triggers an abnormal
expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
(TRAIL) in thyrocytes, thus inducing apoptosis and parenchymal destruction.
As was shown in a mouse model, high iodine supply leads to changes in the
immunogenicity of the thyroglobulin molecule, upregulation of vascular
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and reactive oxygen species
(ROS) generation in the thyrocytes. Serum Se levels were found decreased in
Hashimoto thyroiditis and especially in Graves’ disease as well as in
thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy patients, the levels being related to the
pathogenesis and outcome. Selenium is strongly involved, via the variable
selenoproteins, in antioxidant, redox, and anti-inflammatory processes.
Selenium enhances CD4+/CD25 FOXP3 and T regulatory cells activity while
suppressing cytokine secretion, thus preventing apoptosis of the follicular
cells and providing protection from thyroiditis. Selenium supplementation
may be useful in autoimmune thyroid diseases, though, while usually
well-tolerated, it should not be universally recommended, and it is also
likely to be helpful for those with low Se status and autoimmunity. Broadly
speaking, the achievement and maintenance of “selenostasis” as well as
adequate urinary iodine excretion are mandatory to control disease, while,
putatively, they may additionally be critical to preventing disease.
Subject
Biochemistry (medical),Clinical Biochemistry,Endocrinology,Biochemistry,General Medicine,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Cited by
76 articles.
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