How safe is it to use ultrasound in prenatal medicine? Facts and contradictions – Part 2 – Laboratory experiments regarding non-thermal effects and epidemiological studies

Abstract

AbstractThe first part of this CME article (issue 5/20) provided a detailed examination of the biophysical effects of ultrasound waves, the exposure values, and in particular the thermal effect. In vivo and in vitro measurements have shown that the temperature increase in tissue associated with B-mode ultrasound is far too low to pose a potential risk. Even experiments with exposure values in the range of pulsed Doppler have shown that temperature increases of over 1.5 °C can only occur in areas in direct contact with the probe, thus making a limited exposure time particularly in the case of transvaginal application advisable. The second part of this CME article describes various laboratory and animal experiments for evaluating non-thermal effects and also presents the most important epidemiological studies in the last 30 years in the form of an overview and review. In addition to direct insonation of isolated cells to examine possible mutagenic effects, the blood of patients exposed in vivo to ultrasound was also analyzed in multiple experiments. Reproducible chromosome aberrations could not be found in any of the studies. In contrast, many experiments on pregnant rodents showed some significant complications, such as abortion, deformities, and behavioral disorders. As in the case of thermal effects, the results of these experiments indicate the presence of an intensity- or pressure-dependent effect threshold. Numerous epidemiological studies examining possible short-term and long-term consequences after intrauterine ultrasound exposure are available with the most important studies being discussed in the following. In contrast to information presented incorrectly in the secondary literature and in the lay press, health problems could not be seen in the children observed in the postpartum period in any of these studies.