Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation Index for the Assessment of Procedural Pain in Nonanesthetized Infants: A Multicenter Pilot Study

Abstract

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of the Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE) index to detect the response to nociceptive stimuli in nonanesthetized infants and to compare these results to simultaneous scoring by behavioral scales. Study Design Thirty-six nonanesthetized infants admitted to neonatal/pediatric intensive care unit (N/PICUs) were enrolled to the study. Due to faulty records of the data, three patients had to be excluded. To detect pain caused by noxious stimuli, the heart-rate-variability-derived NIPE index and behavioral pain scales designed for measuring procedural pain in nonverbal children were used. Results Forty-one painful events were available for analysis. We observed in the whole group a statistically significant decrease in NIPE values at 1, 2, and 3 minutes after a painful stimulus, in comparison to the NIPE value at rest and the statistically significant differences between the minimum NIPE value within 3 minutes after the stimulus in comparison to NIPE value at rest in the whole group, as well as in the subgroups of moderate and severe pain. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis has shown the strong sensitivity and specificity of the NIPE in detecting the noxious stimuli (ROC AUC: 0.767). We also found that the stronger the sensation of pain was, the more rapidly NIPE reached its lowest value. Discussion Our study indicates that the painful procedures are associated with a significant decrease in the NIPE value within 3 minutes after a noxious stimulus. Based on our observation, the minimum value within 3 minutes from the painful procedure seems to be the most distinctive value.