Increased Fibrinolytic Activity during Use of Oral Contraceptives Is Counteracted by an Enhanced Factor XI-independent down Regulation of Fibrinolysis

Abstract

SummaryThe effect of oral contraceptives (OC) on fibrinolytic parameters was investigated in a cycle-controlled cross-over study in which 28 non-OC using women were randomly prescribed either a representative of the so-called second (30 µg ethinylestradiol, 150 µg levonorgestrel) or third generation OC (30 µg ethinylestradiol, 150 µg desogestrel) and who switched OC after a two month wash out period. During the use of OC, the levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity, plasminogen, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complexes and D-dimer significantly increased (by 30 to 80%), while the levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen, PAI-1 activity and tPA antigen significantly decreased (25 to 50%), suggesting an increase in endogenous fibrinolytic activity. These OC-induced changes were not different between the two contraceptive pills. TAFI (thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) levels increased on levonorgestrel, and even further increased on desogestrel. A clot lysis assay that probes both fibrinolytic activity and the efficacy of the coagulation system to generate thrombin necessary to down regulate fibrinolysis via TAFI showed no change of the clot lysis time during OC use. This finding suggests that the OC-induced increase in endogenous fibrinolytic activity is counteracted by an increased capacity of the coagulation system to down regulate fibrinolysis via TAFI. Indeed we observed that during OC use there was a significant increase of F1+2 generation during clot formation. When these assays were performed in the presence of an antibody against factor XI, we observed that the clot lysis time was significantly increased during OC use and that the increase in F1+2 generation during OC therapy was due to a factor XI-independent process, which was significantly higher on desogestrel than on levonorgestrel. These data indicate that the OC-induced inhibition of endogenous fibrinolysis takes place in a factor XI-independent way and is more pronounced on desogestrel than on levonorgestrel-containing OC.