Complications during Induction Chemotherapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: An Institutional Experience

Abstract

Introduction Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has transformed from a highly fatal disease to a highly curable one. Induction deaths continue to represent one of the major impediments in modern therapy of APL. Sepsis, hemorrhage, and differentiation syndrome are the major complications during induction therapy in APL. The present study reports the incidence and prognostic factors of major complications during induction chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed APL. Materials and Methods The present study was a single institutional, observational, retrospective study. All cases of APL diagnosed by morphology and confirmed by RT PCR (PML RARα) were included in this study. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results A total of 73 patients were analyzed. The median age at presentation was 30 years (range, 3–60 years) with a female to male ratio of 1.02:1. The most common symptom at presentation was fever (80%), followed by fatigue (56%) and gum bleeding (37%). The majority of the patients at presentation were high risk (42.4%), followed by intermediate risk (38.4%) and low risk (19.2%). Fifty-seven (78%) patients achieved complete hematological remission and 16 (22%) succumbed during induction chemotherapy. Infection was the most common cause of induction death (50%), followed by hemorrhage (37.5%) and differentiation syndrome (12.5%). On univariate analysis of prognostic factors, bcr3 variant, grade 3/4 bleeding during induction, and low levels of albumin at presentation were significant for induction mortality (p = 0.034, 0.041, and 0.008 respectively). On multivariate analysis, only serum albumin < 3.5 g/dL was an independent predictor for induction mortality (p = 0.043). Conclusion The majority of patients were high risk at presentation. Sepsis was the most common complication during induction and also the leading cause of induction death. Identifying induction complications at the earliest and providing aggressive supportive measures can further improve outcomes in APL.