Affiliation:
1. Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
Abstract
AbstractA majority of patients with cholangiocarcinoma and malignant biliary obstruction cannot undergo surgery for treatment as they present late in the disease course. It is crucial to relieve biliary obstruction in these conditions, for which metallic stents are commonly used. However, these stents have a high rate of occlusion due to the ingrowth of malignant tissue. In this review, we will discuss the use of direct endobiliary therapies that can be used either independently or in combination with metallic stents.
Subject
Gastroenterology,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging,Surgery