Breeding with frozen semen: what are the considerations?

Abstract

The use of frozen semen is sometimes the only available option for artificial insemination. Compared to fresh or chilled semen, the use of frozen semen has previously been reported to have lower pregnancy rates, and higher rates of post-breeding inflammation and uterine fluid accumulation. More recent studies have found that pregnancy rates are indeed lower than with fresh semen, but are comparable if not better than chilled semen, with little evidence of increased complications. Several factors can affect conception rates and the practicality of using frozen semen, and these limitations should be explained to the client in advance. This review covers essential requirements applicable to artificial insemination with frozen semen, as well as mare and stallion factors that contribute to the adaptation of appropriate insemination protocol.