Inflammation After Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Therapy for the Postpump Syndrome

Abstract

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is used in most, but not all, complex heart operations. CPB is associated with a systemic inflammatory response in adults and children. Many materials-dependent (exposure of blood to non- physiologic surfaces and conditions) and materials-in dependent (surgical trauma, ischemia-perfusion to the organs, changes in body temperature, and release of endotoxin) factors during CPB have been implicated in the etiology of this complex response. The mechanisms involved may include complement activation, release of cytokines, leukocyte activation with expression of ad hesion molecules, and production of various vasoactive and immunoactive substances. Postpump inflamma tion may lead to postoperative complications and may result in respiratory failure, renal dysfunction, bleeding disorders, neurologic dysfunction, altered liver func tion, and ultimately multiple organ failure. Significant efforts are being made to decrease the generation and effects of postpump inflammation. Interventions to this end have included avoiding CPB when possible, im proving the biocompatibility of the involved mechani cal devices, and administering medications that main tain cellular integrity. This article provides an overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of postpump inflammation. Perhaps with additional in sight into this syndrome, CPB can be made a safer and more efficacious modality of cardiorespiratory support. Copyright© 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.