High numbers of active caspase 3–positive Reed-Sternberg cells in pretreatment biopsy specimens of patients with Hodgkin disease predict favorable clinical outcome

Abstract

Abstract In vitro studies suggest that resistance to the apoptosis-inducing effect of chemotherapy might explain poor responses to therapy in fatal instances of Hodgkin disease (HD). Execution of apoptosis depends on proper functioning of effector caspases, in particular caspase 3, which is activated on the induction of apoptosis through either the stress-induced pathway or the death receptor–mediated pathway. Thus, high levels of caspase 3 activation should reflect proper functioning of one or both identified apoptosis pathways, resulting in chemotherapy-sensitive neoplastic cells and thus a favorable clinical response to chemotherapy. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying active caspase 3–positive tumor cells in primary biopsy specimens of HD and compared these numbers to clinical outcomes. Using an immunohistochemical assay, activation of caspase 3 was detected in 0% to 13% of neoplastic cells. High numbers of active caspase 3–positive tumor cells (5% or more) correlated with excellent clinical prognosis; 0 of 22 patients with 5% or more active caspase 3–positive cells died compared with 11 of 41 patients with less than 5% positive cells (P = .007). Proper functioning of active caspase 3 was demonstrated by the detection of one of its cleaved substrates, PARP-1/p89, in similar percentages of neoplastic cells. High levels of active caspase 3–positive neoplastic cells were associated with the expression of p53 and its downstream effector molecule p21, suggesting proper functioning of the stress-induced apoptosis pathway. In conclusion, high numbers of active caspase 3–positive neoplastic cells predict a highly favorable clinical outcome in HD patients, supporting the notion that an (at least partially) intact apoptosis cascade is essential for the cell killing effect of chemotherapy.